Overview
A pituitary tumour is an abnormal growth that forms in the pituitary gland, located at the base of the brain. This
gland
controls important hormonal functions, influencing growth, metabolism and reproduction.
Pituitary tumours are usually benign (non-cancerous) and are classified based on their size and the type of hormone
they
produce.
While many pituitary tumours grow slowly and may not show symptoms, some can affect hormone production, leading to a
range of medical issues.
Symptoms
The symptoms of a pituitary tumour depend on its size and whether it produces excess hormones. Common symptoms
include:
- Headaches
- Vision problems (due to pressure on the optic nerves)
- Unexplained fatigue
Hormonal imbalances can lead to specific symptoms like abnormal growth (gigantism or acromegaly), weight changes,
infertility or irregular menstruation in women.
If the tumour presses on surrounding structures, it may cause neurological issues such as dizziness or nausea.
Diagnosis
Diagnosis typically involves a combination of imaging studies and hormone tests. An MRI or CT scan of the brain is
used
to detect the presence of a tumour and assess its size.
Blood tests help measure hormone levels, revealing any imbalances caused by the tumour’s effects.
In some cases, visual field tests may be performed to assess any vision impairment caused by pressure on the optic
nerves.
Treatment
Treatment options for pituitary tumours depend on the type, size and symptoms. Surgical removal is often the first
line
of treatment for tumours that cause significant symptoms or hormonal imbalances, typically performed through the
nose
(transsphenoidal surgery).
In some cases, radiation therapy may be used to shrink the tumour. Medications are also prescribed to control
hormone
levels, particularly for tumours that secrete excess hormones.
Regular follow-up is necessary to monitor for tumour recurrence or complications.
