Osteoporosis is a bone condition that happens when bones become weak, either due to a change in bone structure or a loss of bone density. Osteoporosis does not show any immediate symptoms, therefore it is often only discovered after a bone breaks or fractures. Fragile bones can break more easily, especially in areas such as the spine, ribs, hips and wrists.
Risk factors for osteoporosis can be divided into those that we cannot control and those that we can. Unchangeable risk factors include being female, aging, having a low BMI, having a family history of fractures, being Caucasian or Asian ethnicity, and having chronic inflammatory diseases.
On the other hand, modifiable risk factors include decreased estrogen levels (menopause) and low testosterone levels in men, having anorexia, not getting enough calcium and vitamin D, leading a sedentary lifestyle, smoking and consuming excessive alcohol.
Symptoms
Osteoporosis is often asymptomatic, meaning it doesn’t cause noticeable symptoms, especially in its early stages. Symptoms will start to occur once a bone break or fracture is present, these commonly include:
- Back pain
- Loss of height overtime
- Stooped posture
- A bone that breaks much more easily than expected
Diagnosis
Diagnosing osteoporosis usually involves a medical history assessment, physical examination and specialized tests. Once osteoporosis is diagnosed, your health care provider can work with you to develop a personalized treatment plan, aiming to reduce fracture risk and improve overall bone health.
Medical history assessment: Medical history review includes risk factors for osteoporosis, such as family history, medication use, lifestyle factors and any previous fractures.
Bone density test: A common and effective test used to diagnose osteoporosis, which uses low levels of X-rays to measure the minerals in your bones. This test is performed at various sites on the body, commonly the spine and hip areas.
Blood test: To check for any secondary causes leading to osteoporosis.
Treatment
The aim of treatment is to improve bone density, reduce the risk of fractures and prevent further bone loss. Treatment plans are tailored to each individual based on factors such as age, overall health, fracture risk and severity of osteoporosis.
Common treatment options include:
Nutritional supplements: Calcium and vitamin D supplements may be recommended if dietary intake is insufficient.
Medications: Several medications can help keep your bones strong and prevent further bone loss, each working to address a variety of symptoms and conditions. Some medications slow down the breakdown of bone tissue, while others stimulate new bone growth. Additionally, hormone-related therapies such as estrogen and testosterone replacement therapy may also be prescribed.
At SSMC, our Division of Rheumatology is home to a multidisciplinary team of rheumatologists and specialists, acknowledged both regionally and internationally for their clinical proficiency. Leveraging advanced technology for diagnosis and treatment, we deliver exceptional and consistent care to our patients.
