Valvular heart disease, also known as heart valve disease, occurs due to the improper functioning of one or more of the four heart valves, thereby disrupting blood flow to the rest of the body. Although it may be congenital, valvular heart disease can also be acquired. With the aging of the population, acquired heart valve diseases are becoming more prevalent, including narrowing of the aortic valve known as aortic stenosis. Valve incompetence can also occur, commonly referred to as aortic or mitral valve regurgitation
Symptoms
The signs and symptoms of valvular heart disease include:
- Shortness of breath, especially during physical activity or when lying down
- Chest pain or discomfort
- Rapid or irregular heartbeat
- Swelling in the legs, ankles, or abdomen
- Fatigue or weakness
- Lightheadedness or dizziness
- Fainting or near-fainting episodes.
Diagnosis
Valvular heart disease can be diagnosed through a combination of medical history, physical examination and diagnostic testing. The following tests may also be used to diagnose valvular heart disease:
Echocardiogram: This test uses sound waves to create a detailed image of the heart and its valves.
Electrocardiogram (ECG): This test records the electrical activity of the heart.
Chest X-ray: This test creates images of the organs and structures inside the chest, including the heart and its valves.
Cardiac catheterization: This test involves inserting a thin tube into a blood vessel and threading it to the heart to measure the pressure in the heart and check the function of the valves.
Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): This is a diagnostic test that uses a powerful magnet and radio waves to create detailed images of the heart and its blood vessels.
Exercise tests or stress tests: These tests can be used to diagnose valvular heart disease by evaluating how the heart responds to physical activity. During an exercise test, the person being tested is asked to walk on a treadmill or ride a stationary bike while their heart function is monitored. Exercise tests can also be used to assess the severity of valvular heart disease and to determine the appropriate course of treatment.
Treatment
Treatment for valvular heart disease is largely dependent on the condition and severity of the disease. Regular follow-ups, healthy lifestyle choices and medications can help manage and treat symptoms, allowing patients to lead a healthy life. However, more severe cases may require percutaneous or surgical intervention to effectively treat and limit the progression of the disease. These may include heart valve repair or heart valve replacement.
